Biological Energy
capturing and converting sources of power
Cells are masters at managing energy, capturing sources of energy from the environment and converting them into forms that the cells can use. Atomic structures have revealed how cells manage chemical energy, mechanical energy, electrical energy, and even light.
Molecule of the Month Articles (64)
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Aconitase and Iron Regulatory Protein 1
Aconitase performs a reaction in the citric acid cycle, and moonlights as a regulatory protein |
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Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Alcohol dehydrogenase detoxifies the ethanol we drink |
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Alpha-amylase
Amylases digest starch to produce glucose |
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ATP Synthase
ATP synthase links two rotary motors to generate ATP |
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Bacteriorhodopsin
Bacteriorhodopsin pumps protons powered by green sunlight |
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Beta-galactosidase
Beta-galactosidase is a powerful tool for genetic engineering of bacteria |
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Biodegradable Plastic
Bacteria build biodegradable plastic that could be better for the environment |
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Cellulases and Bioenergy
Powerful fungal enzymes break down cellulose during industrial production of ethanol from plant material. |
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Citrate Synthase
Citrate synthase opens and closes around its substrates as part of the citric acid cycle |
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Citric Acid Cycle
Eight enzymes form a cyclic pathway for energy production and biosynthesis |
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Complex I
A proton-pumping protein complex performs the first step of the respiratory electron transport chain |
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Cytochrome bc1
A flow of electrons powers proton pumps in cellular respiration and photosynthesis |
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Cytochrome c
Cytochrome c shuttles electrons during the production of cellular energy |
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Cytochrome c Oxidase
Cytochrome oxidase extracts energy from food using oxygen |
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Fatty Acid Synthase
Fatty acids are constructed in many sequential steps by a large protein complex |
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GFP-like Proteins
GFP-like proteins found in nature or engineered in the laboratory now span every color of the rainbow |
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Glycogen Phosphorylase
Glycogen phosphorylase releases sugar from its cellular storehouse |
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Glycolytic Enzymes
The ten enzymes of glycolysis break down sugar in our diet |
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Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
A tiny fluorescent protein from jellyfish has revolutionized cell biology |
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Hypoxia-Inducible Factors
HIF-α is a molecular switch that responds to changing oxygen levels. |
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Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Atomic structures have revealed the catalytic steps of a citric acid cycle enzyme |
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Lactate Dehydrogenase
Our cells temporarily build lactate when supplies of oxygen are low |
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Luciferase
Organisms from fireflies to bacteria use luciferase to emit light |
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Myoglobin
Myoglobin was the first protein to have its atomic structure determined, revealing how it stores oxygen in muscle cells. |
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Photosynthetic Supercomplexes
Light is captured by huge supercomplexes of photosystems and antenna systems. |
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Photosystem I
Photosystem I captures the energy in sunlight |
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Phototropin
Phototrophins sense the level of blue light, allowing plants to respond to changing environmental conditions |
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Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
A huge molecular complex links three sequential reactions for energy production |
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Pyruvate Kinase M2
Pyruvate kinases are the paradoxical gatekeepers for cancer cell metabolism and growth. |
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Respiratory Supercomplex
In our mitochondria, three electron-transport complexes assemble into a supercomplex. |
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Rhodopsin
In our eyes, rhodopsin uses the molecule retinal to see light |
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Trypsin
An activated serine amino acid in trypsin cleaves protein chains |
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Aconitase and Iron Regulatory Protein 1
Aconitase performs a reaction in the citric acid cycle, and moonlights as a regulatory protein |
![]() |
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Alcohol dehydrogenase detoxifies the ethanol we drink |
![]() |
Alpha-amylase
Amylases digest starch to produce glucose |
![]() |
ATP Synthase
ATP synthase links two rotary motors to generate ATP |
![]() |
Bacteriorhodopsin
Bacteriorhodopsin pumps protons powered by green sunlight |
![]() |
Beta-galactosidase
Beta-galactosidase is a powerful tool for genetic engineering of bacteria |
![]() |
Biodegradable Plastic
Bacteria build biodegradable plastic that could be better for the environment |
![]() |
Cellulases and Bioenergy
Powerful fungal enzymes break down cellulose during industrial production of ethanol from plant material. |
![]() |
Citrate Synthase
Citrate synthase opens and closes around its substrates as part of the citric acid cycle |
![]() |
Citric Acid Cycle
Eight enzymes form a cyclic pathway for energy production and biosynthesis |
![]() |
Complex I
A proton-pumping protein complex performs the first step of the respiratory electron transport chain |
![]() |
Cytochrome bc1
A flow of electrons powers proton pumps in cellular respiration and photosynthesis |
![]() |
Cytochrome c
Cytochrome c shuttles electrons during the production of cellular energy |
![]() |
Cytochrome c Oxidase
Cytochrome oxidase extracts energy from food using oxygen |
![]() |
Fatty Acid Synthase
Fatty acids are constructed in many sequential steps by a large protein complex |
![]() |
GFP-like Proteins
GFP-like proteins found in nature or engineered in the laboratory now span every color of the rainbow |
![]() |
Glycogen Phosphorylase
Glycogen phosphorylase releases sugar from its cellular storehouse |
![]() |
Glycolytic Enzymes
The ten enzymes of glycolysis break down sugar in our diet |
![]() |
Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
A tiny fluorescent protein from jellyfish has revolutionized cell biology |
![]() |
Hypoxia-Inducible Factors
HIF-α is a molecular switch that responds to changing oxygen levels. |
![]() |
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Atomic structures have revealed the catalytic steps of a citric acid cycle enzyme |
![]() |
Lactate Dehydrogenase
Our cells temporarily build lactate when supplies of oxygen are low |
![]() |
Luciferase
Organisms from fireflies to bacteria use luciferase to emit light |
![]() |
Myoglobin
Myoglobin was the first protein to have its atomic structure determined, revealing how it stores oxygen in muscle cells. |
![]() |
Photosynthetic Supercomplexes
Light is captured by huge supercomplexes of photosystems and antenna systems. |
![]() |
Photosystem I
Photosystem I captures the energy in sunlight |
![]() |
Phototropin
Phototrophins sense the level of blue light, allowing plants to respond to changing environmental conditions |
![]() |
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
A huge molecular complex links three sequential reactions for energy production |
![]() |
Pyruvate Kinase M2
Pyruvate kinases are the paradoxical gatekeepers for cancer cell metabolism and growth. |
![]() |
Respiratory Supercomplex
In our mitochondria, three electron-transport complexes assemble into a supercomplex. |
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Rhodopsin
In our eyes, rhodopsin uses the molecule retinal to see light |
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Trypsin
An activated serine amino acid in trypsin cleaves protein chains |
Learning Resources (7)
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Green and Red Fluorescent Proteins
Paper Model
A tiny fluorescent protein from jellyfish has revolutionized cell biology
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ATP synthase
GIF
ATP synthase
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Photosynthesis
Video
Plants use photosynthesis to capture energy from sunlight
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Exploring Carbohydrates
Guide
The RCSB provides many tools to explore the functional roles of carbohydrates.
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3D Print: Alpha-amylase
Other Resource
Download curated file of Alpha-amylase for 3D printing.
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Molecular Backgrounds For Virtual Meetings
Other Resources
Download images created by David Goodsell to add a molecular backdrop to your next virtual meeting. Click on the image to expand.
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Exploring the Structural Biology of Bioenergy
Article
Cells capture and utilize many forms of energy to power their molecular processes
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Structural Biology Highlights (6)
Geis Digital Archive (4)
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Myoglobin Fold
Geis illustrated the structure of myoglobin, focusing on the folding pattern of the secondary structure of the protein. Unlike previous myoglobin Illustrations, this painting focuses on the tertiary structure of the molecule rather than the sequence or surface. |
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Myoglobin
Geis highlights the hundreds of chemical bonds in the lattice of myoglobin. |
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Trypsin
Geis illustrates the structure of bovine trypsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins, which was first revealed by X-ray crystallography in 1971 and further explored in 1974 (Krieger et al., 1974). This illustration was originally published in Scientific American (Stroud, 1984). Trypsin is a protease, an enzyme that catalyzes cleavage of polypeptide chains (Stroud, 1984). Geis' sketch depicts the structure with a ball-and-stick model and displays the sidechains of aspartic acid (Asp102), histidine (His57), and serine (Ser195), known as the catalytic triad.
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Myohemerythrin
The colored print depicts the structure of myohemerythrin, which was first revealed by X-ray crystallography in 1975 (Hendrickson et al., 1975) and further refined in 1987 (Sheriff et al., 1987). Geis's illustration depicts the tertiary structure of the protein, highlighting the four anti-parallel alpha-helices and the presence of mu-oxo-diiron (iron atoms in red and oxygen atom in pink) located within the core of the macromolecule (Myohemerythrin). |
Goodsell Molecular Landscapes (5)
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Escherichia coli Bacterium
A cross-section through an Escherichia coli cell reveals the crowded nature of the cell and diverse molecular processes.
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Myoglobin in a Whale Muscle Cell
Cross section through a whale muscle shows the dense packing of myoglobin
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Chloroplast
Chloroplast (2011) by David S. Goodsell
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Mycoplasma mycoides
Mycoplasma mycoides (2011) by David S. Goodsell. doi: 10.2210/rcsb_pdb/goodsell-gallery-011
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Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (1999) by David S. Goodsell
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